Jatak Stories – An interesting story of Ruru deer and his braveness

Once upon a time there lived a deer in a dense forest called Ruru. He had a golden body glittering with the spots of varied hues like that of the rubies, sapphires and emeralds. His hair was extremely soft and silky, eyes were sky-blue, hooves and horns looked like the chiselled precious stones. So, when he darted in the forest every one was charmed, he was endowed with wisdom; and evinced the power to converse in the human language owing to the memory of his past existences. Further, knowing the cruel and horrible mentality of the human beings, which is prone to all kinds of evil deeds, he avoided any meet with them and was compassionate to all alike.

Once, rambling in a thick forest he heard a painful cry so, he looked at the direction and saw a man being carried away by a gushing stream. The sight of the man in his complete pain filled his heart with compassion. In order to rescue the man he jumped into the water and asked the man to cling fast to him but instead of clinging to him man climbed on his delicate back in his panic. Even so, the deer bore the heavy load of the man and brought him safely on the river-bank. Rura then comforted the shivering man with his warm caresses until he regained consciousness. When the man was back to his senses Ruru dismissed him by saying, you may go back to your own fellow beings!

The man thanked him and expressed his gratefulness by saying,
No friend from childhood; or a kinsman has ever done
What thou hast done to me.
This life of mine is now thine
Gratefully, I shall always be at your service,
Command me to do something for thee.

Then said Rura,
If this be so
Then tell this to none
That thou art saved by one
Who surpasses beauty
And is the most desirable prey for any man -
As the hearts of men have little mercy and no control.

The man promised to keep his pledge; and protect the life of his sponsor before he departed.
One day, the queen of that country had a dream where a golden deer appeared standing on a throne and preaching dhamma in an articulate human voice. So, she had requested the king to catch the deer for her and the king, who trusted in the veracity of her dreams acted according to her wish by the royal proclamation of the reward of a rich village and ten lovely women for one who would help find out the deer. The man, who was once rescued by the deer, when heard of the rich rewards, went to the king and said the secret abode of Ruru.The king and his men to the grove, where the deer dwelt but surprisingly, when he raised his hand to show the deer his hand fell off like a chopped limb.

At that time, the king had seen the deer and his eyes were wide-open at the wonderful sight of the deer. Ruru noticed the king’s arrow pointing at him; and the people surrounding him from all directions and there was no place to escape, he spoke to the king in an articulate human voice, Sir! Please first satisfy my curiosity before you kill me, can you tell me, how do you reach here because I never step the path of a man. The king, charmed by his cheerfulness pointed the man by turning the arrow towards him in reply.

Ruru then recited,
Better is to lift a log of wood out of water
Than to save an ungrateful one!

This word of the deer aroused the curiosity of the king, who in turn asked the deer to explain the context. The deer then narrated the story of the man, who he had rescued and the king was moved by the story and commended his compassion and bravery; but at the same time was terribly furious at the ungrateful man. So, to punish the man when he pulled the string of the bow to shoot him, Ruru requested king to forgive the man. Then the king forgave the man but invited the deer to visit his kingdom as a royal guest. Ruru accepted the invitation; and reached the palace, the king’s court, he perched the throne and delivered several discourses to the king, queen, princes and the courtiers for some days. He then returned to his habitat for good.

Bodhisatta -- The Pali Tradition

The protagonist of every Jataka story is the Bodhisatta, which means a being who aspires to attain the bodhi or Enlightenment to become a Buddha. Further, resolving without declaring his objective to others, i.e., manopanidhi he makes a solemn resolution before a Buddha ( abhiniharakarana or mulanidhana ) for the welfare and liberation of all creatures. As regard to Gotama Buddha his abhinihara was made before Dipankara Buddha; and at that instance his name was Sumedha. The Buddha then approves of the abhinihara by the declaration ( vyakarana ) that the Bodhisatta can become a Buddha. Then the Bodhisatta tend to achieve the Buddhakarakadhamma .

Thus he discovers in ten perfections , namely, dana, sila, nekkhama, panna, viriya, khanti , saccha, aditthana, metta, upekkha. In the case of Sumedha Bodhisatta, who became Gotama Buddha, these perfections were most excellent exemplified in Ekaraja, Khantivadi, Chulla Sankhapala, Maha Janaka, Mahasutasoma, Mugapakkha, Lomahamsa, Sattubhattaka, Sasa and Sutasoma Jatakas.

In additional, a Bodhisatta has to develop four bhumis, namely, ussaha or viriya, ummagga or panna, avatthana or adhitthana and hitachariya or metta. Then he has to practice six ajjhasayas or the factors conducive to the maturing of the Bodhi.

Budhaghosa: The greatest scholar of the Pali literature was born in Bodh Gaya in the fifth century AD. He had written commentaries on most of the texts of the Tipitaka. He translated many Singhalese commentaries into Pali and his mangnum opus is the Visuddhimagga, which is regarded as the Encyclopedia of Buddhism.

Some Facts about BUDDHAS

Thirty facts are common to all the Buddhas. For example, he is mindful of his conception in his last birth as a Bodhisatta and he is seated cross-legged in the womb of his mother. His mother delivers him in standing position in a forest. When he was born, he immediately takes seven steps; and roars like a lion. There are thirty-two specially visible marks on the body of the Buddha, which are, for example, the signs of the wheels with spokes on his soles; projected heels; long digits; soft hands and feet; straight fingers and toes; shell-like round ankles; antelope-like legs and the length of the hands to touch the knee without bending; smooth golden hued stainless skin; black eyes; lion-like chaste; long tongue; forty-teeth and so on.

There are eight particular characteristics, which differentiate one Buddha from the other. These are the height of his body; his social rank; the area of his aura; the passage used to renounce the worldly life; the tree under which he attains Enlightenment; the size of his seat under the Bodhi tree (palanka); the length of his austerities; and his longevity.

Furthermore, one Buddha appears only once and more than one Buddha may be born in one aeon (kappa). The aeon having only one Buddha born is called Sarakakappa, when its two Buddhas are born in an aeon the Kappa is called Mandakappa , if its three in an aeon the Kappa is called Varakappa. When four are born in an aeon is called Saramandakappa; and if five Buddhas are born in an aeon, which is an extremely rare phenomenon, the Kappa is called Bhaddakappa.

But further, no Buddha is born until the order or the teaching of the previous Buddha completely vanishes from the earth. According to the tradition teachings of Gotama Buddha shall vanish after five thousand years.

BUDDHA & IT'S CATEGORIES

Literally, the Buddha means the one who has attained Enlightenment. But such an interpretation, with every due respect to a linguists query, is not of much effect to a reader or an audience interested in the stories of the Buddha or the Buddhas. As the meaning of the word lies in its use, we must, therefore, try to discover the original meaning of the term as is specifically and contextually used in the Buddhist corpus for its definite connotative comprehension.

The Pali commentaries state that there are four categories of the Buddha.

The first category is designative to the Sammasambuddhas or Sabbannu Buddhas. A Sabbannu Buddha is gifted with the ten powers and has the mission to proclaim the saving truth to all beings for their Nibbana. He is therefore known the Sattharo by way of the above characteristic. Further, because a Buddha plays the most important role of a pre-eminent person he is styled as the Bhagava. He is compared with the Universal Emperor; and a lion (simha ). He is called a physician because he diagnoses the cause of suffering and prescribes the medicine; a Kinsman of the Sun (Adiccha-Bandhu) as he dissipates the darkness of ignorance; aBuddha Vira as he gives protection to all; an Anuttara, as he excels all; a Brahmana (though born in a Khattiya/Chatriya family) because he carries on the blessed tradition and excels in wisdom; self-control; and virtue. In brief, a Buddha is superior to all other beings - human or divine - by his knowledge of the truth.

The second category of the Buddha is that of the Paccheka Buddha, which is designative of the progressive ones but not bound by the pledge to preach the Way of Deliverance to the world.

The third category of the Buddhas is referent to the Chatusaccha Buddha, who has damaged the mental defilements or asavas .

At last, we also come across the category of the Bahussuta Buddha designating a learned person.

The Abhidhamma Pitaka

It deals with the philosophy and psychology of the Theravada school of Buddhism. The Theravada, however, refers to that school of Buddhism which, supposedly adhere to the most original and purest form of the Buddhist teachings, advocated by those theras (monks) who obtained the erudition directly through the Master. Further, they used the bhasa Magadhika or the mula bhasa (the original language) [1] to record the original text or the pariyaya, (the text of the canons). The term pariyaya, however, when abbreviated became pari or Pali; and in course of time was applied to denote the language of the entire gamut of the canons; and the exegeses and other compositions on those texts having the same language.

Aggam bahusuttadinam, kosarakkham mahesino

Sammannitvana attanam thero dhammam apucchi so

Tatha sammanniyattanam dhammasanagato sayam

Visajjesi tam Ananda-thero dhamm asesato. (Mahavamsa 34-35)

The other two Pitakas or the collection of the Buddhist canons are the Vinaya Pitaka (Collection of the codes and conducts for the monks and nuns) and Sutta Pitaka (the collection of the discourses of the Buddha).

Buddha - Practices Of Buddhism - Who was Buddha and what is Buddhism

Buddha_Buddhism

Who was Buddha and what is Buddhism?

Who practices Buddhism and what are its core values?

How can Buddhism help me in my daily life?

Seekers can find answers to these questions and much more in the books on this list, compiled by Special Services Librarian Elizabeth Lang.

Advice on Dying and Living a Better Life by The Dalai Lama.
The Dalai Lama draws upon a seventeenth-century poem, credited to the First Panchen Lama, to explore the eight stages of death. For each stage he discusses how to enrich life on earth, prepare for death, and die without fear. Translated and edited by Buddhist scholar Jeffrey Hopkins. RC 56568.

The Art of Happiness at Work by The Dalai Lama and Howard C. Cutler.
In this sequel to The Art of Happiness (RC 47827, BR 13301), a psychiatrist questions the Dalai Lama about applying Buddhist principles in the workplace. The Tibetan spiritual leader advises that career satisfaction is related to staying motivated, having a realistic "sense of self," and maintaining "basic human values" such as kindness and compassion. Art of Happiness series. RC 57386, BR 15725.

Buddha in Your Backpack: Everyday Buddhism for Teens by Franz Metcalf.
Provides information on Buddha and his teachings, applying Buddhist philosophy to issues facing teenagers, such as family relations, school, body changes, sexual attraction, friendship, and personal ethics--without preaching religious conversion. Includes introductions to meditation and further study. Some descriptions of sex. For junior and senior high readers. RC 56665.

The Buddha in Your Mirror: Practical Buddhism and the Search for Self by Woody Hochswender, Greg Martin, Ted Morino.
Introduction to this eastern Asian religion by followers of Nichiren Buddhism. Contends that everyone can become a Buddha, or enlightened one, by understanding life’s profound truths. Explains basic Buddhist principles and describes ways, including chanting, to access one’s "Buddha nature" and apply it to overcome obstacles and attain happiness. RC 61168.

Buddha, the Quest for Serenity: A Biography by George N. Marshall.
A popular biography of Siddhartha Gautama, the oriental prince who became the Buddha and who more than any other man influenced the religion and philosophy of the far East. Also serves as a layman’s introduction to Buddhism and contains a glossary of Buddhist theological terms. RC 14221.

Buddhism: A Concise Introduction by Huston Smith and Philip Novak.
Describes the history, fundamental teachings, and practices of this Eastern religion. The first half of the book explores the life of the Buddha (born circa 563 B.C.E.), explains the core tenets, and distinguishes between various sects. The final chapters discuss the Western expansion and adaptations of Buddhism, particularly in America. RC 56816.

Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction by Damien Keown.
Concise guide to Buddhism as a religion and a way of life. Examines the life and teachings of Buddha, the development of Buddhist thought and practice, and the relevance of the faith to contemporary issues. Explores key topics of karma, rebirth, meditation, ethics, Buddhism in the West, and more. RC 59971.

An End to Suffering: The Buddha in the World by Pankaj Mishra.
Indian author of the novel The Romantics (RC 52514) presents his autobiographical journey on the subcontinent exploring Buddhist philosophy. Describes his search to understand Buddha’s relevance in the modern world by discussing the personal and social issues that Buddha addressed and their impact on twentieth-century politicians. RC 61617.

Ethics for the New Millennium by The Dalai Lama.
Appeals to all human beings to practice a "positive ethical conduct" towards others based on universal principles. Expounds on the necessity for love and compassion as guiding forces in behavior that will lead to happier, fulfilled lives. RC 48810.

Insight Meditation: The Practice of Freedom by Joseph Goldstein.
In Buddhist teaching, wisdom is knowing that whatever arises has the nature to cease. This knowledge stops clinging which in turn stops suffering. Meditation retreat leader Goldstein asserts that practicing meditation and selfless nonharming behavior leads to enlightenment or freedom from suffering. He then discusses how to meditate with this goal in mind and points out the traps to avoid along the way. RC 37540.

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices by Peter Harvey.
Harvey’s account of the 2,500-year history of Buddhism describes its development from origins in India, its expansion throughout Asia, and its introduction into Europe and America. He discusses the practices of ethics, devotion, monasticism, and meditation, pointing out the diversity within Buddhist traditions as well as the beliefs and rites common throughout the Buddhist world. RC 34538.

The Miracle of Mindfulness: A Manual on Meditation by Thich Nhat Hanh.
Although this guide to engaged Buddhism was written by a Vietnamese monk for his students, it recommends exercises that can be performed anywhere. The practice of mindfulness can transform an everyday activity such as washing dishes, taking a bath, lying in bed, or breathing into a meditation. Translated by Mobi Ho. RC 44957.

The Teachings of the Compassionate Buddha edited by Edwin A. Burtt.
The Oriental religion of Buddhism, founded twenty-five centuries ago by Siddhartha Gautama of India, is now practiced by millions. This book includes the early scriptures of Buddhism, as well as Buddhist thought in later centuries. BR 7899, RC 58027.

The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying by Sogyal Rinpoche.
Buddhist spiritual leader Rinpoche maintains that most westerners need a fundamental change in attitude towards death and dying--they need to understand the truth of impermanence. He discusses practicing to prepare for death and helping others with death. He stresses his belief in the importance of the dying person’s last thoughts being filled with positive emotions and sacred feeling while the person lets go of grasping, yearning, and attachment. Edited by Patrick Gaffney and Andrew Harvey. RC 36890, BR 9358.

When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times by Pema Chödrön.
American Buddhist nun describes how to apply her religion’s philosophy to achieve happiness. Explains how to communicate, experience difficult emotions, and become compassionate using eight worldly dharma or basic Buddhist beliefs. RC 53374.

4 INDIANS INCLUDED IN TOP 10 WORLD RICHEST PEOPLE

Four Indians – Lakshmi Mittal, Mukesh and Anil Ambani and Kushal Pal Singh – were the top 10 Forbes ‘2008 record of the World’s richest people.

India’s Ambani Brothers gained the most among the world’s richest over the precedent year and kushal pal Singh, who’s DLF ltd debuted on the stock replace last July, is now the planet’s wealthiest real estate baron, the Forbes magazine said.

In all, India has 53 Billionaires – the majority in Asia and fourth highest in the world, behind USA (469), Russia (87) and Germany (59). Indians in the top 10 comprise Laksmi Mittal (4th, $45b), Followed by Mukesh Ambani (5th, $43b), Anil Ambani (6th, $42b) and K P singh (8th, $30b).

Some off-roading can border on suicide

Trans-Neptunian objects

Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are astronomical bodies orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune.

Since Pluto's downgrading to a dwarf planet, many scientists now consider Pluto and its moons TNOs.

The regions of space beyond Neptune include the:

• Kuiper Belt
• Scattered disc objects
• Oort Cloud

Kuiper Belt

The Kuiper Belt lies between 4.3 and 6.4 billion km from the Sun and contains millions of small icy bodies or TNOs, including Pluto. It is named after Gerard Kuiper, the astronomer who proposed its existence in 1951.

Kuiper Belt objects tend to orbit the Solar System on roughly the same plane as planets and have almost circular orbits. Some of the largest TNOs in the Kuiper Belt include Quaoar (around 1,250 km in diameter) and the dwarf planet Eris, which is larger than Pluto.

Mercury, Solar System's evolution

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in our Solar System. Named after the Roman messenger god, the planet is not much larger than the Earth's Moon and superficially resembles it with a surface pock-marked by enormous craters.

These craters were caused by meteorites smashing into the planet's surface in the early stages of the Solar System's evolution, some four billion years ago. Although it's only a third the size of Earth, Mercury is almost as dense. Scientists put down to a massive iron core, which is also responsible for Mercury's magnetic field.

Our Solar System

The Solar System we live in contains the Sun, its eight orbiting planets and any other astronomical bodies that are under its gravitational pull such as comets and asteroids.

Comets originate from the Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune, while most asteroids orbit in a region between Mars and Jupiter.

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - the four planets closest to the Sun - are called terrestrial planets because they have solid rocky surfaces. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are known as gas giants. Pluto, a dwarf planet, has a solid surface but is much icier than the terrestrial planets.

Our Solar System is just one star system among many within the Milky Way galaxy. There are 300 billion stars in the Milky Way and the nearest, Alpha Centauri, is 4.3 light years away. One light year is approximately 9,500 billion km, the distance travelled by light in one year.

There are around 100 billion galaxies in our Universe. So far, no one has detected life outside our home planet.

Earth

Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.

The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field

Market

A market is a social arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to discover in sequence and carry out a voluntary replace of goods or services. It is one of the two key institutions that organize trade, along with the right to own goods. In everyday usage, the word market may refer to the place where goods are traded, sometimes known as a marketplace, or to a street market.
In economics a financial market is a device that allows people to easily buy and sell financial securities, commodities, and other fungible substance of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect capable markets.

A stock market is a market for the trading of company stock, and derivatives of same; both of these are securities scheduled on a stock replace as well as those only traded privately.

Nature

The word nature is consequent from the Latin word natura, or the course of things, natural character. Natural was a Latin translation of the Greek word physis, which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord. This is shown in the first written use of the word, in connection with a plant. The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word by pre-Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage was confirmed during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries.

Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" may refer to the general realm of various types of living plants and animals, and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects - the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the Earth, and the matter and energy of which all these things are composed. It is often taken to mean the "natural environment" or wilderness - wild animals, rocks, forest, beaches, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the latter being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human or human-like consciousness or mind.

Hobbies

A hobby-horse was a wood or wickerwork toy made to be ride just like the actual hobby. From this game the appearance to ride one's hobby-horse, meaning to follow a favourite pastime, and in turn, hobby in the modern sense of recreation. Hobbies are practised for interest and satisfaction, rather than financial reward. Examples include collecting, creative and artistic pursuits, building, tinkering, sports and adult education. Engaging in a hobby can lead to acquiring significant skill, knowledge, and experience.

However, personal realization is the aim. What are hobbies for some people are professions for others, a game tester may enjoy cooking as a hobby, while a qualified cheif might enjoy playing computer games. Generally speaking, the person who does something for fun, not remuneration, is called an recreational as distinct from a professional. An important determinant of what is considered a hobby, as individual from a profession is probably.

Earth

Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.

The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell (3 March 1847 – 2 August 1922) was an prominent scientist, architect and innovator who is often associated with the invention of the telephone. His father, grandfather and brother had all been associated with work on pronunciation and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to research with hearing devices that finally culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. obvious for the invention of the telephone in 1876.

Many other inventions marked Bell's later life including groundbreaking work in hydrofoils and aeronautics. In 1888, Alexander Graham Bell was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society. In reflection, Bell considered his most famous invention an interruption on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study. Upon Bell's death, all telephones throughout the United States "stilled their ringing for a silent minute in tribute to the man whose yearning to commune made them possible.

An Alcoholic Beverage

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, normally known as alcohol, although in chemistry the explanation of an alcohol includes many other compounds.

Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug, with a depressant produce, and many societies regulate or control its sale and utilization. Countries place various legal restrictions on the sale of alcoholic drinks to young people. The manufacture and consumption of alcohol is found to some scale in most cultures and societies around the world, from hunter-gatherer tribes to controlled nation-states. The expenditure of alcohol is often important at social events in such societies and may be an important portion of a community's culture.

Ethanol is only slightly toxic compared to other alcohols, but has significant psychoactive possessions at sublethal doses. A significant blood alcohol pleased may be considered legal drunkenness as it reduces attention and slows feedback speed. Alcoholic beverages can be addictive and the state of obsession to ethanol is known as alcoholism.

Calculator

A calculator is a machine for performing calculations. Although modern calculators often incorporate a general purpose computer, the device is calculated for performing specific operations, rather than for flexibility. Modern calculators are more convenient than most computers, though some Pads are comparable in amount to handheld calculators.

In the past, some calculators were as huge as today's computers. The first automatic calculators were mechanical desktop devices which were replaced by electromechanical desktop calculators, and then by electronic devices using first sung valves, then transistors, then hard-wired integrated circuit logic. New calculators are electrically powered and come in innumerable shapes and sizes varying from cheap, give-away, credit-card sized models to more sturdy adding machine-like models with built-in printers.

Earthquake

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's outer layer that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are accordingly measured with a seismometer, generally known as a seismograph. The magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported using the Richter scale or a related instant scale. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a trembling or displacement of the ground. Sometimes, they cause tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and annihilation of property. An earthquake is caused by tectonic plates getting stuck and putting a damage on the ground. The strain becomes so great that rocks give way by breaking and downhill along fault planes. Earthquakes may occur naturally or as a result of human actions. Slighter earthquakes can also be caused by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. In its most generic intelligence, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic effect.

Web development

Web development is a broad term for any activities related to developing a web site for the World Wide Web or an intranet. This can include e-commerce business development, web design, web content development, client-side/server-side coding, and web server configuration. However, among web professionals, "web development" usually refers only to the non-design aspects of building web sites, e.g. writing markup and coding. Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, or social network services.

For larger businesses and organizations, web development teams can consist of hundreds of people. Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting webmaster, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer and/or Information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department.

Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of waves shaped when a body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced. Earthquakes, group movements above or below water, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions, landslides, large meteorite impacts and testing with nuclear weapons at sea all have the potential to produce a tsunami. The effects of a tsunami can range from imperceptible to devastating. The word tsunami comes from the Japanese words meaning harbor and wave. For the plural, one can either follow usual English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in Japanese. The term was created by fishermen who returned to port to find the area neighboring their harbor devastated, although they had not been conscious of any wave in the open water. Tsunamis are general throughout Japanese history; approximately 195 events in Japan have been recorded.

A tsunami has a much smaller amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength, which is why they generally pass unobserved at sea, forming only a passing bulge in the ocean. Tsunami have been historically referred to as tidal waves because as they approach land, they take on the characteristics of a vicious onrushing tide rather than the sort of cresting waves that are formed by wind action upon the ocean. Since they are not really related to tides the term is considered misleading and its treatment is discouraged by oceanographers.

Hockey

Hockey is any of a family of sports in which two teams struggle by trying to maneuver a ball, or a hard, surrounding disc called a puck, into the opponent's net or goal, using a hockey stick. Field hockey is played on nettle, natural grass, sand-based or water-based artificial turfs, with a small, hard ball. The game is popular among both males and females in many countries of the world, mostly in Europe, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South Asia. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, even though it can be played by mixed-sex sides. In the United States and Canada it is played mostly by women. Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the hair removed.

There are early representations and reports of hockey-type games being played on ice in the Netherlands, and reports from Canada from the beginning of the nineteenth century, but the modern game was initially planned by students at McGill University, Montreal in 1875 who, by two years later, codified the first set of ice hockey rules and organized the first teams.

Ghost

A ghost tour is an motion themed around the telepathic providing an entertaining and often educational way to present history. Tours are repeatedly lead on foot around sites with a reputation for abnormal occurrences. They are typically conducted at night and will unite a mix of factual history, folklore and stories.

Tours themes around the paranormal can introduce historic, social and scientific topics to a wider audience than might not otherwise be addressed. Stories centered on ghosts and mysteries are for more eye-catching to many people to whom leisure time is valuable, than purely academic pursuits. A well obtainable thematic tour should create the interest for further examination into the stories behind the topics. Presentations use drama, humor and analogies to weave stories in an interesting way. Tours may be conducted on foot, vehicle or even a self led tour finding clues along a pre-determined route.

Currency

A currency is a component of exchange, facilitating the transfer of supplies and services. It is a form of money, where money is an capable medium of exchange, and it is also considered by a number of people as a store of value, created through a claim to its central bank assets. A currency zone is a country in which a specific currency is the main medium of exchange. To facilitate trade between currency zones, there are exchange price at which currencies can be exchanged beside each other. Currencies can be classified as also floating currencies or fixed currencies based on their exchange rate regime.

In general usage, currency at times refers to only paper money, as in "coins and currency", but this is confusing. Coins and paper money are both forms of currency. In most cases, each country has control over the supply and manufacture of its own currency.

Languages

Languages that exist only in the spoken form, such as those of many of the Native American Indian tribes, require the use of audio recording campaign such as a digital audio recorder or a tape recorder, augmented by explanatory text written in other languages, for preservation. Recently, efforts have been made to create symbol sets and grammars for such languages to avoid further losses of historically valuable information. Conversely, there are numerous extinct languages which persist only in their printed form. In some cases, experts can only guess at what their spoken form really sounded like. To prevent further losses of this nature, modern linguists have developed supersets of symbols for the purpose of correctly recording the authentic sounds of known languages.
While the superset symbols, which normally encode phonemes and their allophones, could record continuous discussion with nearly flawless accuracy, it would be tedious and unnecessary to record huge volumes of speech in this manner. That said there is a practical application for it, fine tuning of the programming for text-to-speech synthesizers to give computers a voice that sounds extremely human. Where a synthesizer stumbles on a given word, an entry can be added to an omission dictionary, wherein its definition consists of the word respelled in phonemes and allophones.

Energy meter

An electric meter or energy meter is a machine that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to a residence or business. These are customers of an electric company.
The most common type is more accurately known as a (kilo) watt-hour meter or a joule meter. They may also record other variables including the time, when the electricity was used. Modern electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give direct electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc). The meters fall into two essential categories, electromechanical and electronic. The type of meter described commonly used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase of meter configurations use additional voltage and current coils. The most general type of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction meter.

coconut

The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as well as for its many cooking and non-culinary uses, virtually every part of the coconut palm has some human use.The flowers of the coconut palm are polygamomonoecious, with both male and female flowers in the similar inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female plants producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid.
Nearly all parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the palms have a comparatively high yield, it therefore has important economic value. The name for the coconut palm in Sanskrit is kalpa vriksha, which translates as the tree which provides all the requirements of life. In Malay, the coconut is known as pokok seribu guna, the tree of a thousand uses. In the Philippines, the coconut is generally given the title Tree of Life. The white, fleshy part of the seed is safe to eat and used fresh or dried in cooking.

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when electrically prejudiced in the forward direction of the p-n junction. This effect is a structure of electroluminescence. An LED is usually a small area source, often with extra optics added to the chip that shapes its energy pattern. The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and situation of the semi conducting material used, and can be infrared, noticeable, or near-ultraviolet.
LEDs produce more light per watt than do luminous bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy-saving devices. It can emit light of an proposed color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more proficient and can lower initial costs. The solid put together of an LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often need an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner. When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not change their color tint as the current transient through them is lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn yellow. They are ideal for use in applications that are subject to common on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more rapidly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.

Doomguy

The doomguy, also known as Doom Dude, Doom or The Marine, is the character of the Doom series of computer and video games formed by id Software. In all the games, he is a space marine working for the Union Aerospace Corporation (UAC), who never speaks and is by no means referred to by name.
In the Doom novels, the main quality is referred to as Flynn Fly Taggart, which is universally suggested to be the Doomguy from the games. However, Tom Hall's original design draft, also known as Doom Bible, recommended his name was Buddy Dacote. In the Doom film revision, the main character, John Reaper Grimm is also suggested to be the Doomguy. This is a twist because the audience likely expects Sarge to acquire that role.
All of the computer-game renditions of the Doomguy dress in green armour. Reaper from the film story wears combat gear reminiscent of a S.W.A.T. operative.

Planet

A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remains that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion in its core, and has cleared its neighboring region of planetesimals. The term planet changed from something that stimulated across the sky, to a body that orbited the Earth. When the heliocentric model gained sway in the 16th century, it became established that a planet was actually something that directly orbited the Sun. At the end of the 17th century, when the first satellites of Saturn were exposed, the terms planet and satellite were at first used interchangeably, although satellite would gradually become more common in the following century.

The energetic impacts of the smaller planetesimals will heat up the increasing planet, causing it to at least partially melt. The interior of the planet begins to differentiate by mass, mounting a denser core. Smaller terrestrial planets lose most of their atmospheres because of this accretion, but the lost gases can be replaced by out gassing from the mantle and from the succeeding impact of comets.

Cloud

A cloud is a visible mass of condensed droplets, frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another earthly body, such as a moon. The branch of meteorology in which exhaust are studied is nephology.

On Earth the condensing matter is typically water vapor, which forms small droplets or ice crystals, typically 0.01 mm in diameter. When surrounded by billions of other droplets or crystals they become observable as clouds. Dense deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance throughout the visible range of wavelengths: they thus appear white, at least from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light professionally, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the cloud, hence the gray or even sometimes dark exterior of the clouds at their base. Thin clouds may appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background, and clouds illuminated by non-white light, such as through sunrise or sunset, may be colored accordingly. In the near-infrared range, clouds would appear darker because the water that constitutes the cloud droplets muscularly absorbs solar radiation at those wavelengths.

Cattle

Cattle is colloquially referred to as cows, are disciplined ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovina of the family Bovidae. They are raised as livestock for meat dairy products (milk), leather and as draught animals. In some countries, such as India, they are honored in religious ceremonies and revered. It is expected that there are 1.4 billion head of cattle in the world today.

Cattle were originally known by Carolus Linnaeus as three separate species. These were Bos taurus, the European cattle, including similar types from Africa and Asia, Bos indicus, the zebu,and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to together zebu and European cattle. More newly these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, sometimes using the names Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius. Complicating the matter is the capacity of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between European cattle and zebu but also with yaks, banteng, gaur, and bison, a cross-genera fusion. Cattle cannot effectively be bred with water buffalo or African buffalo.

Real estate

Real estate or fixed property is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. Real estate is often considered synonymous with real property, in contrast with personal property. However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fittings themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms real estate and real property are used mainly in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer in its place to immovable property.

In law, the word real means relating to a thing, as well-known from a person. Thus the law broadly distinguishes between real possessions and personal property. The conceptual difference was between immovable property, which would transport title along with the land, and changeable property. In most advanced economies, the main source of capital used by individuals and small companies to purchase and get enhanced land and buildings is mortgage loans, bank loans for which the real property itself constitutes collateral.

Solar wind

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles which are expelled from the upper atmosphere of the sun. It consists mostly of high-energy electrons and protons that are able to get away the sun's gravity in part because of the high temperature of the corona and the high kinetic energy particles gain through a process that is not well understood at this time.

They are directly related to the solar wind, together with geomagnetic storms that can knock out power grids on Earth, auroras and the plasma tail of a comet always pointing away from the sun. While early models of the solar wind used primarily thermal energy to accelerate the material, by the 1960s it was clear that thermal hurrying alone cannot account for the high speed solar wind. Some additional acceleration mechanism is required, but is not presently known, but most likely relates to magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. The solar wind is answerable for the overall shape of Earth's magnetosphere, and fluctuations in its speed, density, direction, and entrained magnetic field powerfully affect Earth's local space environment.

Sql

SQL generally expanded as Structured Query Language. The first report of SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL, was planned to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original relational database creation, System R. The SQL language was later formally standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986. Later versions of the SQL standard have been released as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.Originally intended as a declarative query and data manipulation language, variations of SQL have been created by SQL database management system (DBMS) vendors that add procedural constructs, control-of-flow statements, user-defined data types, and various other language extensions. With the release of the SQL:1999 standard, many such extensions were formally adopted as part of the SQL language via the SQL continual Stored Modules portion of the standard. In SQL first, there are the standard Data Manipulation Language (DML) basics. DML is the subset of the language used to insert, update and delete data.

Hybrid deer

A number of deer hybrids are bred to improve animal protein yield in farmed deer. American elk and Red Deer from the Old World can produce fertile offspring in captivity, and were once measured one species. Hybrid offspring, however, must be able to escape and defend themselves against predators, and these hybrid offspring are not capable to do so in the wild state. Recent DNA, animal actions studies, and morphology and antler characteristics have shown there are not one but three varieties of Red Deer. The hybrids are about 30% more efficient in producing antler by compare velvet to body weight. Wapiti have been introduced into some European Red Deer herds to improve the Red Deer type, but not always with the proposed improvement.

Both male Mule Deer/female White-tailed Deer and male White-tailed Deer/female Mule Deer matting have formed hybrids. Hybrids have been reported in the wild but are disadvantaged because they don't correctly inherit survival strategies. Mule Deer move with bounding leap to escape predators. Slotting is so specialized that only 100% heritably pure Mule Deer seem able to do it. In captive hybrids, even a one-eighth White-tail/seven-eighths Mule Deer hybrid has erratic escape performance and would be unlikely to survive to breeding age. Hybrids do survive on game ranches where both species are kept and where predators are prohibited by man.

House

A house is a pattern used for habitation by people that generally has walls and a roof to shelter its enclosed space from precipitation, wind, heat, cold, and other elements. Animals including both domestic pets and unwanted animals often live in houses. The word house may also refer to a construction that shelters animals, especially within a zoo. The social unit that dwells in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, though households can be other social groups, such as single persons, or groups of unconnected individuals. Settled agrarian and industrial societies are composed of household units living permanently in housing of various types, according to a selection of forms of Land tenure. English-speaking people generally call any building they routinely occupy home. Many people leave their house during the day for work and activity but typically return to it to sleep or for other activities.

Industry

An industry is generally any grouping of businesses that share a common method of generating profits, such as the music industry, the automobile industry, or the cattle industry. It is also used specifically to refer to an area of economic production focused on manufacturing which involves large amounts of capital investment before any profit can be realized, also called "heavy industry.As-of 2004, Financial services is the largest industry or category of industries in the world in terms of earnings.

Industry in the second sense became a key sector of production in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the development of steam engines, power looms, and advances in large scale steel and coal production. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily integrating previously impossibly-distant world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy. Other sectors such as the service sector tend to be wealth consuming sectors. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture's share.

GYM

GYM is a sound format for the Sega Mega Drive/Sega Genesis.The name stands for Genesis YM2612, since the file contains the data sent to the Yamaha YM2612 sound chip in the console. The data is logged to a file through the use of emulators running a ROM image.The GYM format first appeared on the emulator Genecyst as a simple raw sound data log. This means the format does not present a proper heading or any kind of sample storage, that usually creates very large files for a complete song.

Also, the GYM format is designed around the NTSC video framerate, and thus has a time accuracy of 16 ms, which makes it improper for logging audio in any frequency other than 60 Hz such as the 50 Hz found in European or other PAL-based systems. Some new emulators and players had implemented headers, frequency compatibility and even some compression, but they do not follow any standard, which decreases the compatibility of the format.GYM files can be played using Winamp with the proper plugins or with special players.The new file format VGM also supports Yamaha YM2612 logging and is already supported by many popular emulators. It includes a complete header with tagging and looping support that renders GYM files obsolete for this kind of music storaging.