Law

In law, naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. Naturalization is most associated with economic migrants or refugees who have immigrated to a country and resided there as an alien, and who have voluntarily chosen to become a citizen of that country after meeting specific requirements. Denaturalization is the reverse of naturalization, when a state deprives one of its citizens of his or her citizenship. After World War I, many European countries, including democracies, passed denaturalization laws, of which the 1935 Nuremberg Laws remained the most famous.

In general, basic requirements for naturalization are that the applicant hold a legal status as a full-time resident for a minimum period of time and that the applicant promise to obey and uphold that country's laws, to which an oath or pledge of allegiance is sometimes added. Some countries also require that a naturalized national must renounce any other nationalities that he currently holds, forbidding dual citizenship, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the person's original nationalities will again depend on the laws of the countries involved.

Chicken

A chicken is a type of domestic bird which is often raised as a type of poultry. It is believed to be descended from the wild Indian and south-east Asian Red Jungle fowl.

With a population of more than 24 billion in 2003 (according to the Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds), there are additional chickens in the world than any other bird. They provide two sources of food regularly consumed by humans: their meat, also known as chicken, and eggs.

Male chickens are known as roosters (in the U.S., Canada and Australia), cocks, or cockerels if they are youthful. Castrated roosters are called capons. Female chickens are known as hens, or 'chooks' in Australian English. Young females are known as pullets. Roosters can typically be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and bright pointed feathers on their necks.

However, in several breeds, such as the Sebright, the cock only has slightly pointed neck feathers, and the recognition must be made by looking at the comb. Chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb, and an overweight piece of hanging skin under their beak called a wattle. These organs help to cool the bird by redirecting blood pour to the skin. Both the male and female have characteristic wattles and combs. In males, the combs are often more famous, though this is not the case in all varieties.

When a rooster finds food he may call the additional chickens to eat it first. He does this by clucking in a high pitch as well as picking up and reducing the food. This behavior can also be observed in mother hens, calling their chicks. In some cases the rooster will drag the wing incompatible the hen on the ground, while circling her. This is part of chicken courting ritual. When a hen is used to coming to his "call" the rooster may mount the hen and continue with the fertilization.